Vitamins
Vitamins are organic compounds present in very small quantities in natural foods.
Most vitamins are not synthesized as such by the animal organism, but only by plants, the body receives these substances with plant food, either in their active form of vitamins, either as precursors (provitamins), which are subsequently processed by the body into active vitamin.
absence or insufficient vitamin intake causes the appearance of disease failure or vitamin deficiency.
Often these vitamin deficiencies vitamin deficiency does not give the full picture, but causes fewer disturbances by partial deficiency, hypovitaminosiscalled.
Case hypovitaminosis is not only lack of dietary intake, various other mechanisms can cause these symptoms: destruction of vitamins by improper cooking practices, their destruction in the digestive tract, lack of intestinal absorption, assimilation and use of excessive consumption of vitamins poorly or tissues in various diseases.
Compared with the hormones that have been appointed biocatalysts endogenous (internal), vitamins were called exogenous biocatalysts (external).
In addition to rare cases of hypervitaminosis D and A are not known other cases of hypervitaminosis.
amount of vitamins normally far exceeds the needs of daily ration, the minimum necessary dosage is quite small.
Vitamins are classified into two major groups:
1. fat-soluble vitamins (soluble)
which includes vitamins A, D, E, K.
2. water-soluble vitamins (soluble)
which includes vitamin C, B complex vtaminelor
Next we make a brief presentation of vitamins the importance of food :
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is found as such in animal fat.
Im vegetable is as provitamins, carotenoids, synthesized by plants.
Animals and man converts to vitamin A carotenes that almost half of them receive food.
Approximately 95% of the stock of vitamin A is retained in the liver.
healthy adults can store quantities of vitamin A that they can meet the needs for a year.
Children and young people can not make such reservations, so they are more susceptible to the effects of vitamin A deficiency
After its various physiological effects of vitamin A is also known to increase fat-soluble vitamin, anti-infective vitamin, or vitamin antixeroftalmică epithelial defense.
Vitamin A normal view participating in the twilight and increase penetration of the epithelium to infections.
It is necessary for normal development of skeletal, dental enamel formation and for proper functioning of the liver, thyroid and other organs.
Vitamin A is manifested by blurred vision in twilight (hemeralopie) and changes in mucous membranes and skin.
The need for vitamin A is estimated at: 5000 IU (international unnităţi) for adults and adolescents, 2500 iu Children, 6000 u.i. pregnant women u.i. 8000 mother during lactation.
Boiling usual fruit and vegetables does not decrease their carotene content, but by drying them in advance is a loss of vitamin A.
B complex vitamins
B complex comprises a group of water-soluble vitamins, with different chemical structure, performing the role of an active, essential for the metabolic changes that occur in all body cells for normal cellular proliferation and function. The B complex group are: Vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), acid pantothenic, vitamin PP (nicotinamide) paraaminobenzoic acid, folic acid, vitamin B12 (cobalamin), biotin, inositol and choline.
A special importance in the diet were: vitamin B1, B2, PP and B 12.
Vitamin B1 Thiamine is found in the free state or combined with protein in complex fosfoproteice.
in the digestive tract and vitamin B1 complex are dissolved released is absorbed in the small intestine. Deposits of thiamine in the tissues are quite low.
Vitamin B1 has an important role in carbohydrate metabolism, lipid and protein composition of enzymes entering the major. in its absence, intermediates accumulate in the body glucose metabolism (particularly pyruvic acid, substances that would be responsible for nerve disorders a B1 vitamin deficiency.
It also has a role in peripheral nervous impulse transmission .
In humans it was found that increased consumption of carbohydrates require an increased intake of vitamin B1.
Moderate lack of vitamin B1 causes fatigue, irritability, loss weight, lack of appetite.
children observed pallor, irritability, abdominal pain, nerve disorders.
needs vitamin B1 are evaluated one milligram per day for children to climb from 1.4 to 2 mg daily in adolescents and adults.
Important sources of B1 are grain, yeast and meat. Fruits and vegetables without even poorer thiamine intake than by increasing the amount of content they are in daily ration.
Thiamine is destroyed by heat and alkaline environments. Being soluble in water loss for reduced if water is consumed and where they cooked pasta. roast beef
If losses are approximately 25% when the meat is boiled in water losses of 50% when using boiled water that has sunk 25%.
a loss of vitamin B1 of the plant are reduced if they are cooked quickly in a small amount of water without the addition of alkali (bicarbonate).
Vitamin B2 or riboflavin is present in the free state in foods, or in combination with phosphates or proteins.
It is absorbed in the small intestine and is present year all body tissues as enzymes.
Riboflavin is important constituent of enzymes involved in cellular oxidation, the intermediary metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, and possesses an important role in the mechanism of vision, along with vitamin A.
B vitamin deficiency 2 or ariboflavinoza produce eye damage (corneal) manifested by fatigue, sensitivity to light, abundant vascularity.
Leziunele most characteristic mucosal meet the language and comisurii mouth (angular stomatitis) .
daily needs are approximately 2-3 mg riboflavin, and for children 1.5 to 2.2 mg.
Riboflavin can be synthesized by animals but is widespread in nature, plants and animals.
Is resistant to acids and oxidizing agents, is not destroyed by heat or boiling, is sensitive to light and alkalis, prolonged washing causes considerable losses .
Vitamin PP (niacin or nicotinamide) is a vitamin A deficiency in the human diet produces pellagra.
Niacin is absorbed in the small intestine, a precursor of vitamin PP tryptophan an essential amino acid.
Provitamin tryptophan can provide vitamin PP body needs if it is included in daily diet.
Vitamin PP is included in important enzymes involved in metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins.
vitamin PP deficiency is manifested by digestive symptoms, nervous and skin .
Needs are approximately 13-18 mg daily for adults increased to 23 mg during pregnancy and difficult working conditions, and 20 mg in adolescents.
Nicotinamide is very stable to acids, alkanes, oxidation, heat or light.
It is found mostly in foods from animal kingdom, but also in the vegetable kingdom.
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is found in foods and tissues in free form or combined with phosphates or proteins.
part in the formation of important enzyme systems, particularly protein metabolism.
Lack vitamin B6 cause nerve symptoms, changes in blood and skin lesions. Children are nervous irritability, convulsions, abdominal pain.
Daily needs are proportional to protein intake for adults is estimated at 2 mg. Source of vitamin B6 is the food of animal origin, particularly meat, cereals and vegetables.
is relatively stable to heat and acid and alkali solutions is destroyed by light.
Vitamin C
(ascorbic acid) is one of the most popular vitamins, is synthesized from glucose or other simple sugars by plants and by most species of animals.
Only a few species, including man can not synthesize this vitamin, and must receive daily feeding.
Scurvy acid is absorbed by the intestine and is distributed to all body tissues, especially to endocrine glands.
One of the main functions of vitamin C is to participate in the formation and maintenance of intercellular substance, collagen fibrous tissue within the structure of cartilage, dentin, bone and inner lining of blood vessels.
Vitamin C affects the action of enzyme systems, involved in intermediary metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, and the position of defending the body against toxic or infectious aggression.
Scurvy acid deficiency in animals can not synthesize it and including humans leads to impaired growth, anemia, infections and increased suscebilitate finally scurvy, a disease which is due to deficiency of vitamin C.
Deficiency of vitamin C decreases the yield physically and intellectually.
normal minimum daily dose required scurvy acid for adults is 50-75 mg.
small children is 35 mg and 40-50 mg for older children.
Overcoming these doses, even over 100 mg body can only be positive.
Plants, especially fruits and vegetables, is the most important source of vitamin C. The quantity contained in the plant
differ depending on the season being higher than in autumn and spring, but also diversela parts of a fruit: peel of fruit or vegetable (apple, orange, red) containing a quantity greater than the core.
Vitamin C is extremely sensitive to various physical and chemical agents, which leads to loss of significant amounts at various culinary treatments.
Cleaning and washing fresh food, keep them light and air, boiling in pots found are the prime causes of destruction of ascorbic acid.
part of vitamin C passes into the boiling water of vegetables is better to be used in food preparation.
Preserving and drying plants also lead to loss of large amounts of vitamin C.
Low temperatures vegetables and preserves rapid sterilization in the absence of air greatly reduces the loss of vitamin C.
Vitamin D
Vitamin D is a group of compounds with properties of sterol antirahitice.
Vitamins are produced by irradiating a precursor provitamin D or ultraviolet light.
Of the 10 known forms of vitamin D, only two nutritional interest: Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol), whose provitamin found in plants and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) whose precursor is found in animal cells.
Vitamin D from food is absorbed in the gut with fat. Humans can synthesize provitamin D 3, and activity occurs in the skin by exposure to light ultavioletă.
Vitamin D 3leather or vitamin D 2 absorbed by the intestine is stored in the liver while it may be present in other organs.
Vitamin D regulates calcium and phosphorus absorption in the intestine, bone and calcification occur controlled by the kidneys in the removal of calcium and phosphorus.
Vitamin D deficiency leads to poorly absorb calcium and phosphorus in the intestine, the lack of calcification of bones and teeth.
Children develop rickets and osteomalacia in adults and rickets called adults.
Range between 400-1000 IU daily needs, which vary by season dose, lifestyle and physiological function of time (growth, pregnancy, etc..)
Vitamin D is found in nature as such in small quantities, unlike provitamins D, which are found in large quantities.
The richest sources are fish liver oils, fish, brewer's yeast.
Vitamin D is stable and not destroyed during cooking of food processing.
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water and minerals
Ongoing exchanges taking place between the body and the external environment and between different cells, tissues and organs are dependent on the liquid medium that is set very specifically in terms of volume, composition and concentration.
Some of the substances in the body fluid environment , eloctroliţii, as dissociated ions when dissolved in water (sodium, potassium, chlorine).
Other substances are maintained in solution in aqueous medium. All together, maintain normal osmotic pressure, regulate acid-base balance in the body, provide input to the cell nutitive substances, facilitate all physiological reactions in the body.
water
Water is the most appropriate body after oxygen, the body's water content is 70% and 65% for children adult.
Water body is divided into two compartments:
1.-intracellular water that exists inside cells, which represent about 45% of body weight;
2.-extracellular water which is divided into:
a) water intravascular (plasma) which represents 5% of body weight and
b) interstitial water, which represents 15% of body weight. Interstitial water circulating plasma has the same composition except that the protein content is much lower.
Multiple functions in the body are water, water is the basic medium for all body fluids: blood, digestive juices, lymph, urine, sweat, etc.. And take part in all chemical reactions in the body structure is present in each cell.
Water regulates body temperature and solvent products of digestion, keeping them in solution, allowing them, and their absorption into the circulation.
The water in the body comes from three sources:
-Water ingested as such in the form of various beverages (about 1100 ml)
-Water contained in food (about 900 ml) and
-Water resulting from the oxidation of food (about 200 ml).
Water needs are assessed according to the loss year to be replaced, the daily ration varies depending on ambient temperature and d muscle activity.
Mineral salts
electrolytes.
Sodium is the main electrolyte of extracellular fluid to maintain normal osmotic pressure and fluid balance.
Sodium is involved in regulating cell membrane permeability and gastrointestinal secretions alcanizarea.
Most sodium in the diet is present as inorganic sodium chloride (salt pans).
Existing amount of sodium in the body is regulated by the kidneys, which increases or decreases sodium excretion depending on the amount ingested, produce very large losses through sweating.
Is 3-5 g daily needs, but the power consumption far exceeds those needs.
Potassium is the major intracellular electrolyte as 97% of the body is present in cells, which are 30 times richer in potassium than the extracellular fluid.
As a mandatory component of all cells, potassium participates in cellular hydration, is involved in carbohydrate metabolism and in maintaining cardiac automatism.
Potassium in food is absorbed from the gastrointestinal stage fright, excess is excreted through the kidneys. Requirement is estimated at 3-4 g per day, the main sources are dried fruits and vegetables.
Chlorine is present as chloride ions, for the most part in extracellular fluids. He intervenes in the regulation of osmotic pressure, fluid balance and acid-base balance.
Chloride ion and other ions that is filtered in the kidney and reabsorbed glomerurilor selective renal tubules, excess chlorine is removed, usually parallel with sodium excretion. Requirements is ensured by the use of salt.
Minerals
Approximately 4% of body weight is given to the mineral elements, defined as substances that remain as ash after combustion plants or animals.
The most popular are: calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, iron, iodine, etc. .. < br>
Calcium and phosphorus covers three quarters of the minerals in the body. Although some mineral elements are found only as traces or trace , their presence is essential for body functions.
Minerals are part of every cell in the body structure, presenting themselves as organic compounds, inorganic or as free ions, they enter into the composition of enzymes, vitamins and hormones
Calcium is an essential mineral the body. Capital calcium in adults is 1200 g, of which 96% is the combined form of calcium salts which are within the structure of bones and teeth, the remaining 4% is partly bound to plasma proteins (40%) and 60% is ionized, diffusible, being a very labile pool of calcium.
Serum calcium is essential for blood clotting, regulates the permeability of cell membranes and neuromuscular excitability, activates a large number of enzymes.
Calcium absorption is based on the needs of the body, the percentages ranging from 10 to 40%.
Children growing period, pregnant and lactating women absorb 40% or more of calcium brought food, due to increased needs. < br>
Several dietary factors increase or decrease the absorption of calcium, vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption and transport through the intestinal mucosa.
Equal ratio between calcium and phosphorus is considered the most favorable for the absorption of calcium, protein-rich diets also increase calcium absorption.
Oxalic acid, phytic acid from cereals, excess fat and reduce the absorption of excess calcium phosphate, due to the formation of insoluble complexes with it.
Report normal calcium / phosphorus in the body is maintained by the action of parathyroid hormone.
Emotions have an important influence on the economy of calcium in the body, persons with significant nerve stress or conflict situations to found a lasting negative calcium balance, even when food intake was appropriate.
Daily calcium needs are 0.8 g adulţi.Pentru needs children are one year 0.7 g, 1 g in 10 years, 10-12 years 1.2 g and 1.4 g between 12 and 18 years.
Phosphorus is an essential mineral vital body functions and ratios under most importantly, it constitutes 1% of body weight and a quarter of all mineral substances in the body.
About 85% of inorganic phosphorus is in combination with calcium (bones, teeth), and the remainder in organic combinations.
Phosphorus is an element of plastic entering the building bones, teeth, fat (cephalin, lecithin) or protein (nucleotide and phosphoprotein), inorganic phosphates in plasma plays an important role in acid-base balance.
Approximately 70% of phosphorus is absorbed only in the rural food intestinal alkaline inorganic salts.
general factors affecting calcium absorption and regulates the absorption of phosphorus. All plastic
inorganic phosphorus is filtered by renal glomeruli, but most is reabsorbed.
Vitamin D increases the amount of phosphate reabsorbed by the renal tube while parathyroid hormone decreases the reabsorption.
phosphorus daily needs are approximately equal to those of calcium, phosphorus is widely distributed in foods, meat and dairy are the most important.
Magnesium in the body is stored in bones is about 60% in the form of phosphates and carbonates, the rest are inside the cell where the relationship between calcium / magnesium is 3-1.
Only 2 % of total magnesium is in extracellular fluids, 80% of which is ionized and the remainder is bound to proteins.
Magnesium is essential for living cell, its failure, experimental results in animal death
Ionized form activates several enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and cellular respiration, has a synergistic action with calcium in neuromuscular balance.
Resemble the intestinal absorption of calcium and is reduced by excess calcium or phosphate in the diet, and by an alkaline treatment.
magnesium is filtered at the renal glomeruli and is reabsorbed by the renal tubules
..
350 mg daily needs are for men and 300 mg for women during pregnancy and lactation increase to 450 mg daily. With the exception of sugar and fat all foods containing magnesium.
Iron . Adult body contains approximately 3.5 g iron 2.3 g in males and females, 20-30% of total iron is stored as a reserve in the liver, spleen and bone marrow.
Most of the active iron (80%) are in red blood cell hemoglobin and myoglobin in muscle rest and some cellular enzymes.
Hemoglobin acts as a carrier of oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide circulating here to be removed from the lungs.
Iron metabolism is a critical step to intestinal absorption, which is regulated according to body needs. During the period of growth, pregnancy, anemia, it will absorb in the gut a larger amount of iron than normal.
Iron in food is absorbed by the body healthy adult rate of 5-10%, except in menstrual bleeding in women practically no iron excretion.
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